Light microscopy shows the general state of cells, and combined with trypan blue exclusion, the percent of viable cells. Small, optically dense cells indicate necrosis, while bloated “blasting” cells with blebs indicate apoptosis. Phase microscopy views cells in indirect light; the reflected light shows more detail, particularly intracellular structures. Fluorescence microscopy detects individual components in cells, after labeling with selective dyes or specific antibodies, and can distinguish cell surface from intracellular labeling. Microscopic observation of cell cultures is an integral tool for tissue culture, as it reveals the culture health during the maintenance, expansion and experimentation phases of the study. It contributes to the “art” of cell biology.

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