A biomarker is a detectable response in cells or in the body to an intervention. It can indicate a particular disease state. Biomarkers can indicate deleterious side effects of drugs, risk of progression of a disease, or susceptibility of the disease to a given treatment.

Flow cytometry measures physical and chemical characteristics of a population of cells or particles.[1][2][3][4] A sample containing cells or particles is suspended in a fluid and injected into the flow cytometer instrument. The sample is focused to ideally flow one cell at a time through a laser beam and the light scattered is characteristic to….

Gene expression, the activation of a specific gene to produce a messenger RNA that directs the synthesis of protein. Other gene expressions include RNA molecules from non-protein coding genes such as transfer RNA (tRNA) or small nuclear RNA (snRNA) genes.

To screen a library of thousands of compounds, a high throughput screening assay will facilitate the identification of potential “hits” in less time than a typical assay. A high throughput assay typically is not complicated, must be very reproducible and have a high signal-to-noise ratio in order to minimize false positives. The method could be….

This technique detects specific markers on subsets of cells, e.g. tumor cells or subsets of T lymphocytes. The method may be performed on single cell samples by flow cytometry or immunofluorescent microscopy, or on tissue sections by immunohistochemistry.

A potency assay is a GMP lot release assay that measures the activity of the drug in units per mg. Typically the assay is a bioassay in which increased concentrations of drug induce a sigmoid shaped response curve of a biological event. The EC50 determination defines the

Protein concentration is determined by absorbance at 280nm (aromatic amino acids) or 205nm (peptide bond), by the Bradford assay or by amino acid analysis.